4-0-0-2 Chapter 4-2

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Chapter 4_2
    However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side. Above all, the tune and even the words of ‘Beasts of England’ were known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. 

※單字及片語※
fully(adv.)完全地
rumour (n.) 【英】=rumor謠言,謠傳;傳聞
＊句型分析＊
Rumours (of a wonderful farm), where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside.
＊rumour是主詞，of a wonderful介詞片語，修飾rumour。
＊continued是動詞。
＊where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs此句是where關係副詞，所引導的子句，修飾farm，是屬於補充用法。
＊had been…過去完成式；managed是過去式，比較時間先後。
＊in vague and distorted forms是介詞片語，當副詞修飾circulate。
＊ 文法Tips ＊
過去完成式通常不會單獨存在，要與另一過去式子句或表過去式之時間副詞片語連用，即在過去不同時間發生的兩種動作。
先發生的用過去完成式。
後發生的用簡單過去式。
※turn out (ph.)驅趕
manage(v.)管理
affair (n.)事務
circulate (v.) 傳播,流傳
in (prep.) (表示手段,方法,材料)用,以
vague (a.) 模糊的,朦朧的
distorted (a.)遭到扭曲的；弄歪了的;歪曲的
form (n.)形式
throughout (prep.) 貫穿,從頭到尾
rebelliousness (n.)反抗（指心理層面的反抗。）
wave (n.)波浪
※a wave of (ph.)一波的...；…風潮
run (v.) 傳播
tractable (a.)溫馴的；可控制的
savage (a.)野蠻的
hedge (n.)樹籬；籬笆
devour (v.) 吞食；狼吞虎嚥地吃,吃光
clover (n.) 紅花草,苜蓿
In many parts of the world clover is grown as food for cattle.
世界許多地區種植紅花草用來作牲畜飼料。
pail (n.)桶子
hunter (n.) 獵馬
refuse (v.)拒絕
fence (n.) 柵欄;籬笆
shot (shoot的過去式和過去分詞) (v.) 拋出
＊句型分析＊
Bulls (which had always been tractable) suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side.
＊which had always been tractable關係子句，修飾bull。
＊which had always been tractable….. turned 此句仍使用時態區別時間先後。
＊turned = became 變成
※above all (ph.)最重要的
spread (v.) 散佈,傳播;
astonishing (a.)驚人的
speed (n.)速度
It had spread with astonishing speed.
＊with + 名詞  形成副詞片語修飾had spread。
contain (v.)控制
rage (n.)忿怒；狂怒,盛怒
pretend (v.) 假裝
merely (adv.) 只是,僅僅,不過
＊句型分析＊
…though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous.
＊think 的句形
S + V + O   ex. I think it is difficult to change my habit.
S + V + O + OC   ex. I think it difficult to change my habit.
ridiculous (a.) 可笑的,荒謬的;滑稽的
bring (v.) (常用於否定句,疑問句)促使,勸使
contemptible (a.) 鄙視的；可鄙的；卑劣的;不屑一顧的
rubbish (n.) 垃圾;廢物
flogging (n.) (作為體罰的)鞭打
※on the spot (ph.)當場
＊句型分析＊
Any animal (caught singing it) was given a flogging on the spot.
＊caught singing it修飾animal。此句是省略句= which was caught singing it
irrepressible (a.)鎮壓不住的；無法抑制的
blackbird (n.)畫眉鳥
whistle (v.) (鳥)囀鳴聲
coo (v.) (鴿子等)咕咕地叫
elm (n.) 榆樹
din (n.) 喧囂,嘈雜聲
※get into (ph.)融入
smithy (n.) 鐵匠
secretly (adv.)暗中地
tremble (v.) 發抖;震顫
prophecy (n.)預言
doom (n.) 厄運,毀滅,

    Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm. 

※單字及片語※
corn (n.)玉米
stack (v.) 把...疊成堆
thresh (v.) 打穀
※a flight of (ph.) (飛鳥的)一群…
whirl (v.) 旋轉,迴旋
alight (v.) (鳥等)飛落
wild (a.) 猛烈的
excitement (n.) 興奮,激動
five-barred (a.)有五道門閂的
cart-track (n.)馬車道
march (v.) 前進;行軍
＊ 文法Tips ＊
with 引導一個片語補充某人的狀態。
obviously (adv.)明顯地
attempt (v.) 試圖;企圖;試圖做
recapture (v.) 奪回,收復
This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar’s campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post.
※單字及片語※
expect (v.)預期
preparation (n.) 準備,預備
Julius Caesar 凱撒大帝
campaign (n.) 戰役
※in charge of (ph.)負責
defensive (a.)防衛性的
＊句型分析＊
Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar’s campaigns (which he had found in the farmhouse), was in charge of the defensive operations.
＊which所引導的關係代子句修飾book。
＊【注意】關係代名詞修飾的對象『先行詞』不一定在前面的那個字。
operation (n.)作戰
order (n.)命令
※a couple of (ph.) 【口】幾個,三兩個的….
post (n.) 崗位