4-0-0-1 Chapter 4-1

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Chapter 4_1
    BY the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of ‘Beasts of England’.

※單字及片語※
by (prep.) 不遲於;在...之前
※the late summer (ph.)在夏末結束前  late (a.) 晚的;晚期的
spread (v.) 傳播;普及
across (prep.) 遍及...各處；橫跨
county (n.) 【台灣】縣【美】郡(次於州的行政區)【英】郡(最大的地方行政區)
※send out (ph.)放出
flight (n.) (飛鳥的)群
pigeon (n.) 鴿子   cf. dove (n.) 鴿(常被視為和平的象徵)
instruction(n.) 命令,指示
mingle (v.) 交往,往來
※to mingle with (ph.)和…打成一片
neighbouring (a.) 鄰近的
tune (n.)曲調
※the Rebellion  指先前發起的動物革命    
rebellion n. 反叛；革命
※Beast of England (ph.) 英國動物之歌

    Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones’s misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests.

 ＊句型分析＊
Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone (who would listen) of the monstrous injustice…
＊此句省略連接詞及主詞，所以變成分詞句構。
＊who所引導的形容子句為限定用法修飾anyone
= Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, and he complained to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice..
※單字及片語※
taproom (n.) 【英】酒吧
complain (v.) 抱怨,發牢騷;訴說
※complain to + someone + of something (ph.) 對某人抱怨某事
monstrous (a.) 駭人聽聞的;極端荒謬的
injustice (n.) 非正義(或不公正)的行為
turn (v.) 驅趕 
※turn out of… (ph.) 驅趕出…
property (n.) 財產；資產
pack (n.) (獵犬,野獸等的)一群
good-for-nothing (a.)一無事處的；窩囊廢的
sympathise (v.) 【英】=sympathize同情;憐憫;吊慰
※in principle (ph.)原則上
※at heart (ph.)在內心深處
somehow (adv.) 以某種方式;用某種方法
secretly (adv.)暗中
misfortune (n.) 不幸;惡運
advantage (n.) 利益,好處
adjoin (v.) 靠近,毗鄰著
permanently (adv.) 永久地;經長地
＊句型分析＊
It was lucky that the owners of the two farms (which adjoined Animal Farm) were on permanently bad terms.                 ＊which所引導的形容詞子句修飾farms
※on bad terms (ph.)關係不好；不和睦    cf. on good terms (ph.)關係良好
term (n.) 關係,友誼;地位
ex. We are on good terms with our neighbors. 我們與鄰居和睦相處。
neglected (a.) 忽視的;疏忽的;棄置的
old-fashioned (adj.)老舊的
overgrown (a.) 長得太大的;生長過度的;(雜草等)蔓生的
woodland (n.)林地
pasture (n.) 牧草地,放牧場
※worn out (ph.) 【物】破舊的;耗盡的【人】疲憊不堪的,筋疲力竭的
hedge (n.) 樹籬;籬笆
disgraceful (a.) 可恥的,失體面的
easy-going (a.)隨和的
※according to (ph.)根據
kept (v.) 【keep的過去式和過去分詞】管理；經營
tough (a.) 頑固的；固執的
shrewd (a.) 精明的;狡猾的
perpetually (adv.)永遠地
※involve in (ph.)牽扯
lawsuit (n.) 訴訟(尤指非刑事案件)
※with a name for (ph.)有…名聲
name (n.) 名聲,聲譽
His actions have given him a bad name.
他的行為給他帶來了不好的名聲。
※to drive hard bargains (ph.)以一種強硬、堅決的態度或立場，去達到對自己有利的交易或協議。
bargain (n.)交易；協議
＊句型分析＊
Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name (for driving hard bargains).
       ＊for所引導的介詞片語當形容詞修飾name
※so… that (ph.)如此…以致於
※to come to any agreement (ph.)達成任何協議
※in defence of (ph.) 悍衛；保衛
interest (n.)利益

    Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name ‘Animal Farm’) were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said.

※單字及片語※
nevertheless (adv.) 然而
thoroughly (adv.) 徹底地
frighten (v.) 使驚嚇；使害怕
anxious (a.)焦急的；焦慮的；憂心的
※prevent someone from + ving (ph.)阻止某人做某事
learn (v.) 得知,獲悉
※at first (ph.)起先
pretend (v.)假裝
scorn (v.) 嘲笑;奚落；譏諷
manage (v.) 管理;經營;處理
fortnight (n.) 十四日,兩星期
※put about (ph.)宣稱
tolerate (v.) 忍受;容忍
※insist on / upon + Ving (ph.)堅持
perpetually (adv.)永遠地
fight (v.)爭鬥
rapidly (adv.)急速地；快速地
starve (v.)餓死
evidently (adv.)明顯地
tune (n.)態度
wickedness (n.) 邪惡;惡事;惡毒
flourish (v.)興盛；繁榮,興旺
※give out (ph.)公佈
＊句型分析＊
It was given out (that the animals there practised cannibalism….)
it 為形式上主詞，that所引導的名詞子句為真主詞。
practise (v.) 【英】=practice實行,實施,
cannibalism (n.) 同類相食；吃人
torture (v.)虐待；折磨
※one another (ph.)彼此
＊ 文法Tips ＊
with +工具 : 使用….工具
※in common (ph.) 共有的【暗示亂倫】
※come of (ph.)起源於