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Chapter 6_2

    But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, ‘I will work harder’ and ‘Napoleon is always right,’ seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted. 

※單字及片語※
it (pron.) 指把石頭推到山頂然後讓它滾下碎裂的事情
laborious (a.)費力的
process (n.)過程
frequently (adv.)經常地
take (v.)花費
exhausting (a.)精疲力竭的
effort (n.)費力;努力
boulder (n.) 巨石;大圓石;巨礫
quarry (n.) (採)石場;露天礦場
edge (n.)邊緣
*句型分析*
Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort( to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry), and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break.
*it為虛主詞
*to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry為真主詞
*fail to + V (ph.)未能
achieve (v.)完成
strength (n.)力氣
equal to (ph.)相等於…
rest (n.)其餘
put together (ph.)加在一起【put在此為p.p.】
*句型分析*
Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together.
*could have +p.p.與過去事實相反的假設語氣
slip (v.)滑動;滑行
cry (v.)大聲地叫
in despair (ph.)絕望地
drag (v.)拉
strain (v.) 用力;盡力,使勁
*句型分析*
When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop.
*find +O. + P.P. 發現…被…
*it was …此為強調句型 。it was + 強調的內容
bring … to stop (ph.)將…弄停
toil (n.)辛苦地工作;用力
*句型分析*
To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration.
*To see為不定詞當主詞,see亦為感官動詞後加受詞再接受詞補語。【受詞補語,可以是原形動詞、現在分詞或過去分詞】
*filled 為此句的動詞,表示裝滿;填滿;使充滿的意思
slope (n.)斜坡
inch by inch (ph.)一寸一寸
breath (n.)呼吸
come (v.)變成;達到(某種狀態)
tip (n.)尖端
hoof (n.)蹄
claw (v.) 抓住;撐住
side (n.) (人體的)側邊(指從腋下到腰上的部分);(動物的)半爿肋肉
mat (v.)覆蓋
sweat (n.)汗水
overstrain (v.)伸張過度;使過度緊張
slogan (n.)口號
sufficient (a.)足夠的
answer (n.)解決辦法【與to並用】

    He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted.

※單字及片語※
arrangement (n.)安排
make arrangements with (ph.)與…做安排
cockerel (n.) 小公雞
three-quarters (n.)四十五分
instead of (ph.)而不是
in his spare moments (ph.)在他空閒時
of which 【註】which = moment
a load of (ph.) (一車,船等的)裝載量
site (n.)地點
unassisted (adj.)沒有協助的

    The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones’s day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates. Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses’ shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine. 

※單字及片語※
off (adv.)沒有平常好;不如通常水平
in spite of (ph.)儘管
hardness (n.)艱困
*句型分析*
If they had no more food than they had had in Jones’s day, at least they did not have less.
*had had(had + P.P.)為過去完成式。利用過去完成式來和過去做比較,過去完成式表較過去更前早的時間。
advantage (n.)好處;優點
support (v.)供應
extravagant (a.) 奢侈的;浪費的
as well (ph.)也
so…that (ph.)如此…以致於
failure (n.)失敗;缺乏
outweigh (v.) 超過;比...更重要(或更有價值等)
method (n.)方法
efficient (a.)有效率的
save (v.)節省
labour (n.)勞力
weeding (n.)除草
for instance (ph.) 舉例說
thoroughness (n.) 徹底;完全
since (conj.) 因為
fence (v.)用柵(或籬)把...隔開;把...用柵(或籬)圍起來
pasture (n.) 牧草場
arable (a.)可耕的
upkeep (n.)維修
hedge (n.)籬笆;矮籬
*句型分析*
And again, since no animal now stole, (it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land), which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates.
*which為關係代名詞,其先行詞為前面一整個子句it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land【譯】不用把牧草場與耕地隔開的事實。
*可改為一般的寫法…. it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land and it saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates.
nevertheless (adv.)然而
wear on (ph.)慢慢地進行
various (a.)不同的
unforeseen (adj.)沒有預見的
shortage (n.)短缺
paraffin oil (n.) 燈油
paraffin (n.)【英】煤油
nail (n.)釘子
string (n.)線
dog biscuit (n.)狗餅乾
produce (v.)生產
seed (n.)種子
artificial (a.)人工的
manure (n.)肥料
besides (prep.) 除了
machinery (n.)機械;機械裝置
*句型分析*
How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine.
*these是指燈油、釘子、種子、機械…等等
*be + to V 可表未來
procure (v.) (努力)取得;獲得

    One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year’s wheat crop, and later on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill.  

※單字及片語※
assemble (v.)集會
decide upon (ph.) 考慮後決定
policy (n.)政策
from now onwards (ph.)從現在開始
engage in (ph.)從事
trade (n.)貿易
neighbouring (a.)鄰近的
commercial purpose (ph.)商業目的
simply (adv.)僅僅是
in order to (ph.)為了
obtain (v.)取得
certain (a.)某一些
material (n.)物質
urgently (adv.)很緊急地
override (v.)優先於
current (a.)現今
make up (ph.) 補充缺乏的部分使之完成
sacrifice (n.)犧牲
contribution (n.)貢獻
building (n.)興建

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