6-0-0-1 Chapter 6-1

【點此下載上課解說mp3檔】

Chapter 6_1

    ALL that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.

※單字及片語※
slave (n.)奴隸
grudge (v.)吝惜；不願意給
effort (n.)努力；力氣
sacrifice (n.)犧牲
they grudged no effort or sacrifice他們不會吝惜保留他們的力氣或不情願犧牲。
※well aware (ph.)充分了解
※for the benefit of themselves (ph.)為他們自身的利益
＊句型分析＊
well aware that everything (that they did) was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind (who would come after them)….
※that they did為形容詞子句修飾everything
※those of their kind 【譯】他們動物界
※who would come after them修飾前面的those【譯】他們後代子孫
※a pack of (ph.)一群
idle (a.)游手好閒的
thieving (a.) 偷竊的;做賊的

    Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. 

※單字及片語※
throughout (prep.)徹底
announce (v.)宣布
※as well (ph.)也
strictly (adv.)全然地
voluntary (a.)自願的
※absent oneself from (ph.)缺席
ration (n.)配給額
reduce (v.)減少
※by half (ph.)一半
※even so (ph.) 即便如此
necessary (a.) 無法避免的

＊句型分析＊
This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal (who absented himself from it) would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone.
※ 此句有諷刺的味道整個星期日下午要工作並非是自願而是被迫、被威脅的。
※ Who absented himself from it修飾前面animal
※ have his rations reduced by half此句have為使役動詞，his rations為受詞。reduced為過去分詞表被動；當補語說明his ration 【譯】使得他們的配給量被減少
句型：have（使役動詞） + O + OC
※ to leave certain tasks undone句型：leave + O + OC 使某事處於…狀態
※ to leave certain tasks undone 有些工作是無法被完成的
※ 【譯】即使他們再怎麼努力，仍然無法避免有一些工作無法被完成的事實。

harvest (n.)收成
less (a.)（為little的比較級）較不
※a little less successful than (ph.)比…有一點點比較不成功
修飾比較級通常用much, a lot, a little
previous (a.)先前的
sown (v.) (sow的過去分詞) 播(種)
root (n.) 根菜類(如胡蘿蔔等)
※in the early summer (ph.)初夏
ploughing (n.)犛田
complete (v.)完成
foresee (v.)預見
※the coming winter (ph.)即將來臨的冬天
hard (a.)艱困的

＊句型分析＊
The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields (which should have been sown with roots in the early summer) were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough.
※ which should have been sown with roots in the early summer關係子句修飾field
※ should have + p.p.為與過去事實相反的假設法語氣
※ and為連接詞
※ two fields為第二句的主詞，were not sown為動詞

    The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody - namely, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope - even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments - they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs. 

※單字及片語※
present (v.) 產生；造成；呈現
unexpected (a.) 想不到的;意外的
quarry (n.) (採)石場;露天礦場
limestone (n.) 石灰岩；石灰石
※plenty of (ph.)很多
cement (n.)水泥
outhouse (n.) 庫房
material (n.)材料
※at hand (ph.) 在手邊
※to break up (ph.)打碎
suitable (a.)適當的
way (n.)方式
except (prep.) 除...之外
pick (n.) 十字鎬;
crowbar (n.) 鐵橇；鐵棍
＊句型分析＊
But the problem (the animals could not at first solve) was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size.
※ the problem為主詞
※ was為動詞
※ how to break up the stone into pieces為主詞補語
how + to V (不定詞片語) = 名詞片語
※ the animals could not at first solve為關係子句，前省略關係代名詞which / that，而本句中關係代名詞which / that為solve的受詞所以可以省略。
※ 關代名詞被省略的原則：當關代在關係子句中當受詞時則可被省略。
※hind leg (ph.)後腿
※vain effort (ph.)白費力氣
※right idea (ph.)正確的想法
※occur to somebody (ph.)某人突然想到
namely (adv.) 即；也就是
utilise (v.) (英=utilize)使用
force (n.) 力；力量
gravity (n.) 地心引力
＊句型分析＊
Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody - namely, to utilise the force of gravity.
※此為一個倒裝句，only為副詞+副詞片語after weeks of vain effort置於句首後加倒裝句
boulder (n.)大圓石；巨礫
※the bed of (ph.)於…最底部
lash (v.)急速揮動
lash rope round these 用繩子急速揮動把石頭套住。
※lay hold of (ph.)控制…
critical (a.) 關鍵的
moment (n.) 關頭；時機；時刻
drag (v.)拉
※with desperate slowness (ph.)極為緩慢地；非常緩慢地【with +名詞，即形成一個副詞片語。我們可以在名詞前加上形容詞修飾。】
slope (n.)斜坡
topple (v.) 使倒塌;推翻
edge (n.)邊緣
shatter (v.) 粉碎；砸碎
＊句型分析＊
The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal (that could lay hold of the rope) - even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments - they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below.
※these 為代名詞，指石頭。
※all亦為代名詞，逗號後cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope為同位語，解釋說明all。其中that could lay hold of the rope為形容詞子句，修飾animal
※with desperate slowness為副詞片語，修飾dragged動詞
※此句中where為關係副詞，引導一個關係子句where they were toppled over the edge, 
transport (v.)運送
once (adv.)一旦
comparatively (adv.)相對地
easy (a.)容易的
＊句型分析＊
Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple.
※ Transporting為動名詞當主詞
※ was為此句的動詞
cart-loads (n.) 一車之量
block (n.) 塊
yoke (v.) 給...套上軛；把(牲口)套到犁(車等)上
governess (n.)家庭女教師
governess-cart (n.)馬車一種（用來載人的輕型馬車）
share (n.) (工作的)分攤;分擔
※a sufficient store of (ph.)足夠的量
accumulate (v.)累積
building (n.) 建設【此為動名詞當主詞】
superintendence (n.) 指揮;主管;監督